【作 者】：
沈 书 生
【关 键 词 】：
认知发生； 学习数据； 教学决策； 学习决策； 数据驱动决策
【栏 目】：
理论探讨
【中文摘要】：
研究和实践领域十分关注数据对于决策的支持作用，当前关于“数据驱动决策”的研究和实践中，主要关注了反映认知主体的数据应用，重视教师教学决策的变化，而对于学习决策的关注相对欠缺。现代技术的教育应用，促进了学习空间的延展，学习者有机会接触更加广袤的外部世界，并产生了大量数据。梳理文献和比较可以发现，在学习过程中主要存在两类数据形式，一类是反映认知对象的数据，一类是反映认知主体的数据。数据反映了事物的运动状态与变化，具有客观性，但数据的应用却因为认识主体的目的性而表现出主观性的特点。数据具有原材料、可加工与多指向属性，如果从学习者的学习主体责任出发，可以合理使用学习数据来引导学习者学会进行“学习决策”。学习决策既是学习的条件，也是学习的结果，是一种具有选择性特点的思维活动，是由一组决策构成的决策链。合理使用数据，可以引导学习者与外部世界建立更加高效的互动关系，使得学习决策与认识行为同时发生。
【英文摘要】：
Data has been paid much attention to in research and practice for decision making. Current research and practice on 'data-driven decision making' has mainly focused on the application of data reflecting the cognitive subjects and on the changes of teachers' pedagogical decisions, but relatively little attention has been paid to learning decisions. The educational application of modern technology has promoted the expansion of the learning space, giving learners access to the wider external world and generating a large amount of data. Through literature review and comparisons, it is found that there are two main types of data in the learning process: the data reflecting the cognitive object and the data reflecting the cognitive subject. Data reflects the movement and change of things, and is objective in nature, but the application of data is subjective in nature because of the purpose of the cognitive subject. Data is raw, processable and multi-directed, and can be used appropriately to guide the learner to make 'learning decisions' if the learner's responsibility as a learning agent is taken into account. A learning decision is both a condition and a result of learning, and it is also a kind of thinking activity with optional characteristics and a chain of decisions made from a set of decisions. The appropriate use of data can lead to a more efficient interaction between the learner and the external world, allowing learning decisions to take place simultaneously with cognitive behavior.
【下 载】：
聚焦学习决策：指向认知发生的数据及其应用