【作 者】：
余胜泉， 汪凡淙
【关 键 词 】：
智能技术； 人机协同； 认知外包； 核心素养； 教学变革
【栏 目】：
理论探讨
【中文摘要】：
在智能时代，爆炸式增长的信息与人脑有限的认知能力之间的鸿沟日益扩大，人们需要借助外部设备来增强自身的认知能力，以更好地适应复杂的现代社会，认知外包成为时代发展的必然。文章阐述了认知外包的机理及其关键过程，并根据认知外包过程中外部设备在计算、感知、认知和社会化上不同层次提供的支持将认知外包分为了四种类型。而有效认知外包的核心在于内外部认知网络的平衡与有效连接，以及意义的理解和生成，这需要人们具备一些关键能力。在教育领域，如果学生自身头脑缺乏足够完备的知识和相应的关键能力，认知外包可能会导致其陷入典型教育陷阱：思维懒惰与幼稚化、认知地位边缘化、发展主体性丧失、认知肤浅与碎片化、认知偏见与极端化。为了帮助学生跨越这些陷阱，需要推进核心素养导向的深度教学变革。
【英文摘要】：
In the era of intelligence, the gap between the explosive growth of information and the limited cognitive ability of the human brain is widening. People need to use external devices to enhance their cognitive ability to better adapt to the complex modern society, and cognitive outsourcing has become the inevitable development of The Times. This paper describes the mechanism of cognitive outsourcing and its key processes, and classifies cognitive outsourcing into four types according to the support provided by external devices at different levels of computation, perception, cognition and socialization in the cognitive outsourcing process. The core of effective cognitive outsourcing, however, lies in the balance and effective connection of internal and external cognitive networks, as well as the understanding and generation of meaning, which requires people to possess some key competencies. In the field of education, if students lack sufficient complete knowledge and corresponding key competencies, cognitive outsourcing may lead him or her to fall into the typical educational pitfalls: lazy and infantilized thinking, marginalized cognitive status, loss of developmental subjectivity, superficial and fragmented cognition, and cognitive bias and extremism. In order to help students overcome these pitfalls, in-depth core competence-oriented deep pedagogical reform need to be promoted.
【下 载】：
人工智能教育应用的认知外包陷阱及其跨越