【作 者】：
陈耀华，毕家娟， 陈 琳
【关 键 词 】：
教育技术； 文字技术； 印刷技术； 电媒技术； 数字技术； 智能技术； 教育技术本质作用
【栏 目】：
历史与国际比较
【中文摘要】：
根据考古新发现、文献史料以及多学科成果的研究表明，人类全程的教育技术演进，可分为口语技术、文字技术、载写技术、教具及算具技术、印刷技术、电媒技术、数字技术和智能技术八大层级，每个大层级的教育技术都使或将使人类教育发生革命性变化：口语技术催生人类口耳相传的最初教育，文字技术使传承经验的系统化教育成为可能，载写技术将利用文字产生系统化教育的可能转化为现实，模图和算具技术催生抽象与具象结合的教育、促进人类计算能力提升，印刷技术催生现代教育制度、促进教育普及，电媒技术催生充分的视听教育、基于广播电视的远程教育，数字技术催生网络教育、促进学习型社会和终身学习的发展，智能技术催生普遍造就创造人的教育新形态、场景式学习新生态。研究清晰勾勒人类万年教育技术八大层级演进主脉络，透彻分析主干教育技术对教育的巨大变革和推动作用，突破了西方建构的100多年教育技术史的话语体系局限，还原了教育技术数万年的真实长发展史，有助于据此科学建构人类教育技术的新话语体系。
【英文摘要】：
According to new archaeological discoveries, historical documents and the results of multidisciplinary researches, the evolution of educational technology throughout human history can be divided into eight levels, namely, oral technology, textual technology, recording and writing technology, teaching and computational tools technology, printing technology, electronic media technology, digital technology and intelligent technology. Each level of educational technology has made or will make revolutionary changes in human education. Oral technology has given rise to the original education of mankind, which was transmitted by word of mouth; textual technology has made systematic education for the transmission of experience possible; recording and writing technology has transformed the possibility of systematic education into reality; graphics and computational technology has given birth to the combination of abstract and concrete education, and promoted the improvement of human computational ability; printing technology has given birth to the modern education system and promoted the popularization of education; electronic media technology has given birth to adequate audio-visual education and to distance education based on radio and television; digital technology has given birth to online education, and promoted the development of learning society and lifelong education, and intelligent technology has given birth to a new form of education that universally creates people and a new ecology of scenario-based learning. The study clearly outlines the main vein of the eight levels of evolution of educational technology in the past ten thousand years, thoroughly analyses the great changes and driving effects of the main educational technology on education, has broken through the discourse system limitation of the history of educational technology constructed by the West for more than 100 years, and restored the real history of the development of educational technology for tens of thousands of years, which can help to construct a new discourse system for educational technology scientifically.