【作 者】：
康 建 朝
【关 键 词 】：
芬兰； 中小学； 编程教育； 实践路径； 特征； 启示
【栏 目】：
历史与国际比较
【中文摘要】：
计算思维被认为是学生应当具备的基本素养与能力，编程教育是培养计算思维的重要途径。欧盟多国重视编程教育，芬兰成为欧盟首个以完全“跨学科”方式在中小学融入编程教育的国家。芬兰通过国家课程顶层设计、多样化项目开展及教师专业培训等多维举措，促进编程教育落地。芬兰中小学编程教育有着多方面特征，包括指向计算思维培养、课程设置尊重学生发展规律、重视教师在职培训、注重项目持续开展等。芬兰的做法给我国带来一定启示，包括将计算思维和关键能力培养作为编程教育的根本着力点，课程设置注重编程语言学习规律及其与特定科目融合的匹配度，线上线下结合开展实操性教师培训为编程教育提供专业保障，注重开展实证研究引领支撑编程教育项目持续深耕，基于编程教育内在价值澄清构建多方主体合作机制等。通过对重要文献、政策、官方权威信息的广泛搜集梳理，旨在对芬兰中小学编程教育背景、实践路径及主要特征予以探究，以期对我国中小学编程教育切实落地有所启示。
【英文摘要】：
Computational thinking is considered to be the basic literacy and ability that students should have, and programming education is an important way to cultivate computational thinking. Many EU countries attach great importance to programming education. Finland has become the first EU country to integrate programming education into primary and secondary schools in a fully "interdisciplinary" manner. Finland promotes the implementation of programming education through multi-dimensional initiatives such as the top-level design of national curriculums, diversified projects and professional training of teachers. Programming education in Finnish primary and secondary schools has many characteristics, including the cultivation of computational thinking, respecting the law of student development in curriculum, paying attention to teacher on-the-job training, and focusing on the continuous development of projects. Finnish practice has brought some enlightenment to our country, including taking computational thinking and key ability cultivation as the fundamental focus of programming education, focusing on the learning law of programming language and its matching degree with the integration of specific subjects in curriculum, the combination of online and offline hands-on teacher training to provide professional guarantee for programming education, focusing on empirical research to lead and support the continuous development of programming education projects, constructing multi-stakeholder cooperation mechanism based on the clarification of intrinsic value of programming education. Through an extensive collection of important literature, policies and official authoritative information, this paper aims to explore the background, implementation path and main characteristics of programming education in Finnish primary and secondary schools, with a view to shedding light on the implementation of programming education in primary and secondary schools in China.