【作 者】：
王竹立
【关 键 词 】：
软知识；人机知识；暗知识；人—机合作式学习；人—智能机器一体式学习
【栏 目】：
理论探讨
【中文摘要】：
网络和智能技术的飞速发展，导致人类社会方方面面都发生了翻天覆地的变化，教与学也不能例外。文章深入分析了知识与学习发生的变化，探讨了人类学习与机器学习的异同，以及人—机合作学习的必然性和可能的方式，得出以下几点结论：（1）网络和智能时代，知识和学习发生了很大变化，出现了软知识、人—机知识等新的知识类型，未来还有可能出现暗知识；（2）知识生产也逐渐由人类主体向人—机共同主体转变；（3）人—机合作式学习将成为主流学习模式，现阶段以人—网合作学习为主，未来将以人—智能机器合作学习为主，教育教学也将变为人—机合作式教学模式；（4）技术在人类学习中扮演的角色由单纯的工具，向环境、伙伴角色转变，并最终可能与人类连成一体。为此，今天教育教学亟需发生重大变革，以适应未来的需要。
【英文摘要】：
The rapid development of network and intelligent technology has led to earth-shaking changes in all aspects of human society, including teaching and learning. This paper deeply analyzes the changes of knowledge and learning, discusses the similarities and differences between human leaning and machine learning, as well as the necessity and possible ways of human-computer cooperative learning, and draws the following conclusions: (1) in the era of network and intelligence, great changes have taken place in knowledge and learning. New types of knowledge have emerged, such as soft knowledge, human-computer knowledge and possible future dark knowledge. (2) Knowledge production is gradually changing from human subject to human- machine common subject. (3) Human- computer cooperative learning will become the mainstream learning mode. At present, human-net cooperative learning is the main task, and in the future, human-intelligent machine cooperative learning will be the main task. Education and teaching will also become a human- computer cooperative teaching model. (4) The role of technology in human learning changes from simple tools to the environment and the partner, and may eventually become integrated with human beings. Therefore, there is an urgent need for major changes in education and teaching today to meet the needs of the future.