【作 者】：
何 文 涛
【关 键 词 】：
协作学习； 学习活动； 活动任务； 设计技术
【栏 目】：
课程与教学
【中文摘要】：
协作学习是一种特殊的教学形式，协作学习活动设计有别于一般教学系统的设计。教学设计技术虽已十分成熟，但对协作学习活动设计并不具有普遍的适用性。目前，协作学习活动设计由于存在聚焦原则性知识、研究不系统和缺乏数据驱动等方面的不足，难以为协作学习活动的设计优化提供可操作性技术。为此，本文基于学习活动概念模型，构建了一套系统的协作学习活动设计技术框架，包括协作学习活动设计的过程模式、学习目标分析、活动分类与任务设计、内容分析、结构化设计、缺陷分析与改进六个方面。该技术框架各操作之间的数据依赖关系，确保了协作学习的目标与手段之间的一致性，有利于规范协作学习活动的设计过程，促使优良协作学习过程的发生。但在实践中，仍会面临协作学习活动难以转化为协作学习行为的困境。而在协作学习活动设计的技术框架的基础上，通过研究行动和方案的一致性，有望解决这一现实困境。另外，就协作学习设计技术本身而言，它是独立的，不存在依赖特定学习环境的设计技术。
【英文摘要】：
Collaborative learning is a special form of teaching, and the design of its activities is different from that of general teaching system. Although instruction design technology is very mature, it is not universally applicable to the design of collaborative learning activities. At present, the design of collaborative learning activities exists some defects, such as focusing on principle knowledge，unsystematic research and a lack of data driven, so it is difficult to provide operable technologies to optimize the design of collaborative learning activities. Based on the concept model of learning activities, this paper constructs a set of systematic technical frameworks for the design of collaborative learning activities, including process model, learning objective analysis, activity classification and task design, content analysis, structural design, defect analysis and improvement of collaborative learning activities. The data dependency between operational steps of the technical framework ensures the consistency between goals and means of collaborative learning, which helps to standardize the design process of collaborative learning activities and promote excellent collaborative learning. However, in practice, collaborative learning activities are difficult to change into cooperative learning behaviors. On the basis of the technical framework of collaborative learning activities, it is possible to solve this dilemma through the study on the consistency of action and programs. In addition, as far as collaborative learning design is concerned, it is independent and there is no design technology that relies on a specific learning environment.